Adult orthodontics ballina. Kilbarrack, Dublin 5. Adult orthodontics ballina

 
 Kilbarrack, Dublin 5Adult orthodontics ballina  Orthodontic treatment for adults can begin at any age

She was also awarded a PhD in Orthodontics from University of Sydney prior to her clinical training. We Offer Many Treatment Options Such As Braces, Just For Adults. Bensalem Office (215) 245-5100. Edit the information displayed in this box. Adult Orthodontics (Braces) You can improve your smile with orthodontic care no matter your age. Metal and aesthetic Braces ; Invisalign for Adult and Teen ; Lingual Braces (Incognito) Ways to Pay. In this review we explore whether the increase in demand is real and matched by need. Adult orthodontic corrections can have a dramatic effect on your appearance and your. Adult orthodontics is increasing in popularity as it is becoming more feasible to move and improve the alignment of a patient's teeth, irrespective of the technique. Composite Veneers (Veneers In A Day)€275-€300 per tooth. Hershey Orthodontics - Durham. Orthodontic treatments Ballina - Discover the best time to start orthodontic treatments & smile straightening solutions available. D17 X050. 3. 2 Many health or dental insurance benefits will cover at least part of the expense. Diagnosis of. Our dedicated team of orthodontic professionals at Smart Smile Orthodontics are ready to assist you with any of your orthodontic questions or needs. To learn more about the benefits of adult orthodontic treatment, we welcome you to call or visit us today. The objectives of adult orthodontics correspond to the general objectives of orthodontics, i. Contact page owner: Centre for Oral Health Strategy. Clear aligners, like Invisalign, can range from $3,000 to $8,000 depending on how many adjustments are needed. Adult orthodontics--a review. Adult orthodontics and procedures focus on the alignment of your teeth and jaws for better oral health. Google Scholar. Research in orthodontics has historically followed the positivist model based on the direct relationship of cause and effect between diseases and their specific etiological factors that can cause structural and physiological changes in the human body. Call us for a FREE consultation at 305-559-5571 in Miami. Our orthodontist in Broken Arrow, OK, provides orthodontic treatment to help improve your smile! Call today to schedule an appointment. Cons: As the brackets are tooth-colored or clear, patients need to be diligent with their oral care as some brackets can stain. 5 mi from Brooklyn, NY. Orthodontist. Smiles Dental Pricelist; Our Products; Dental Benefits; Partnerships; Special Offers; Balbriggan Tel: +353 1 905 3850. Orthodontics Brisbane - Smart Smile Orthodontics in Strathpine and Ferny Grove near Brisbane specialise in orthodontics. Together they run River Street Smiles. For adults, these bones have stopped growing, which may mean the possibility of orthognathic surgery to align the jawbones. At Urban Orthodontics, our goal is to make orthodontic treatments affordable for everyone. orthodontist though similarities exist in the management of adults and adolescent orthodontic patients [3]. Cigna is another large nationwide dental insurer with over 93,000 dentists in their network. 1. If you need a orthodontist in Evanston, then look no further than Orthodontics by the Lake. Misaligned teeth allow for food to become lodged in your teeth, and with crowded or crooked teeth, it can be considerably more difficult to brush your teeth thoroughly. 9am to 5pm Monday to Friday. This type of braces is currently enjoying a wave of popularity with orthodontists because it provides gentler treatment and requires fewer dental visits. . Adult Treatment (20 years old+)Adult orthodontics is a specialized field of dentistry that focuses on correcting misaligned teeth and jaws in individuals over the age of 18. Burzin is an expert orthodontist and treated my daughter's teeth with high-levels of wisdom, experience and care. The objectives of adult orthodontics correspond to the general objectives of orthodontics i. inf[email protected] See us in Collierville! Dr. Whether just a few teeth require correction or the alignment of an entire smile is needed, we provide the skilled and experienced orthodontic treatment that’s. can expect to pay between $3,000 and $5,000 for Invisalign treatment. Lingual braces: $5,000 to $10,000. We're a Specialist Orthodontic practice with clinics in the heart of Sligo town and Ballina. It may be a case of wait and see, with monitoring the teeth before treatment starts. Call (949) 860-1231 to schedule your appointment and learn more about adult orthodontics. However, when you go for newer styles, like lingual and self-ligating braces, you can end up with a $10k+ bill for treatment. 1Fl. Mon 8:30am -. Wed 8:30am - 5:00pm . A study by Muir et al. The cost for orthodontic treatment generally ranges between $4,000-$6,000, but again, can vary depending on the treatment style and. Book a consultation at SmartSmile Orthodontics today! 8:30am - 5:00pm. But it depends on how much correction you need. Written by renowned contributors from the orthodontic community and beyond, and compiled by a world-class editor, it provides an authoritative resource on the subject, marrying together clinical guidance with a thorough evaluation of the evidence. Adult Orthodontics in Spokane WA - Damon Orthodontics - 5-Star Rating - Need braces to get that smile you’ve always wanted? Call us now at (509) 484-8000. Make an appointment To find your closest dental clinic for both adults and children, click here. Orthodontics is a dental specialty that focuses on the diagnosis, prevention, interception, and treatment of malocclusions of the teeth and surrounding structures. A native of Columbia, Dr. Dr. Mon 8:30am - 5. All the adult teeth have arrived and your child will be developing their adult bite. 1995 Nov 1;22(4):331-7. Thanks to so many innovations in. Rodolfo A. Dr. Orthodontists straighten teeth by the use of bands, wires, braces, and other fixed or. So the orthodontists are working with permanent teeth. Dr Jude is very keen to further her studies and is constantly updating herself with the most recent innovations and techniques in orthodontics. Adult Orthodontics – You are never too old to improve your smile! Our orthodontists can detect any dental issues you may have and craft a personalized treatment plan that suits your lifestyle and helps you get a straighter, healthier, smile! If you are looking for trusted orthodontic care in Green Bay, Wisconsin contact our team today at 920. PMID: 10. Mayo for over 12 years. Closed. Reduces Bad Breath. We work with you to make sure your treatment is comfortable and gives you the end results your are looking for: • Traditional Braces are time-tested and highly effective. 1995 Nov;22 (4):331-7. challenge and the excitement of adult orthodontics [2]. INTRODUCTION. 8 (59 reviews) " Dr. Adamjee completed a three year orthodontic residency program from Montefiore Medical Center in association with Albert Einstein School of Medicine where she learned to address the diverse orthodontic needs of children and adult patients, from the basic to the most complex. Because the aligners are virtually invisible, many of our adult patients choose this option. Please contact Coolock on 01 9214216. Orthodontists in Ballina, New South WalesOrthodontists in Ballina. The increased demand for orthodontic treatment by adults suggests a review of the literature might be timely. To book a consultation for orthodontic work, schedule a new appointment or refer a patient, contact Smart Smile Orthodontics on 1300 2 Braces. , optimum occlusal function, to improve the aesthetics of the face and teeth, and to contribute to the longevity of the stomatognathic system. New Patients: (847) 448-0741. Find out more. 105 Tamar Street Ballina NSW 2478 . Adult orthodontic treatment aims to create a harmonious balance between the teeth, jaws, and face. Learn More. Practice Smartsmile Orthodontics:. Lingual braces: $5,000 to $10,000. Adult Orthodontics (Braces) - Best Ortho Treatments in Brooklyn: ☎ (718) 891-0606 Best rated dentist Dr. 1300 22 72. Obtaining a straight, beautiful smile is possible at any age. Orthodontic treatment is no longer restricted to adolescents. Ballina Orthodontic Practice - Visit SmartSmile Orthodontics in Ballina to find out more about our orthodontic treatments. What might I gain from orthodontic treatment? The benefits of orthodontic treatment can include the following: • Improving your appearance, including your smile. We offer treatments for kids, teenagers and adults including metal braces, Invisalign and much more. Self-Litigating Braces. The University of Iowa Department of Orthodontics provides a full-range of orthodontic treatments. 00; pp 408 ISBN 9781405136198 | ISBN: 978-1-4051-3619-8. Call us at (630) 957-5144 if you are interested in discussing. Best Orthodontists in Phoenix, AZ - AZ Family Dental - North Phoenix, Butterfly Orthodontics, Dunn Orthodontics, Murphy Orthodontics - Chris Murphy, DDS, Brigham Orthodontics, Bailey Orthodontics, Serrano Orthodontics, Affiliated Pediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics: Scottsdale Shea, Hilgers Orthodontics - Goodyear, Union Hills Family. Timothy R. Harner Orthodontics - 18700 Main Street, Suite 112, Huntington Beach, CA 92648 Phone: 714-842-9933They each have their uses. Yoo explained the process, laid out our options and on top of that was incredibly friendly the entire time! Made us feel really comfortable which relaxed my wife immensely! Great customer service, friendly and very. cause tooth sensitivity and gum irritation. Search for: About AAO. [7]. There’s usually something that prompts adults to do it, Featheringham notes. Many modern treatment techniques aim to hide braces in adults to fit any lifestyle better. Barbara (Bobbi) Peterson, DDS. View profile. Best Place to Shop for Plans: DentalPlans. After experiencing braces as a teenager, Dr. 42. We Offer Many Treatment Options Such As Braces, Just For Adults. THE ROAD TO BALLINA. B. Today 8:30am - 5:00pm . Sat Closed . Types of orthodontic appliances include: Traditional Metal Braces — This is probably what you think of when you picture someone wearing braces: small metal brackets bonded to the front of the teeth. Leaving misaligned teeth untreated can lead to dental problems such as excessive wear, tooth decay, gum disease, and difficulty chewing. Ceramic braces for adults. Learn More About Our Adult Orthodontics. Stephen Sherman is a private practice orthodontist in Baton Rouge, Prairieville, Central, and Addis, LA. Today, 1 in 4 orthodontic patients are adults. K. 1 A survey of the members of the. In the United States, adult orthodontic patients increased from 15. Adult orthodontic corrections can have a dramatic effect on your appearance. This is a major new work dedicated to the increasingly prominent area of adult orthodontics. Design: A quality assessment of adult orthodontic websites. , 2011); however, there is little research investigating how adults value orthodontic care in quality of life or monetary measures (Smith and Cunningham, 2004), with none looking at how the dental profession would similarly value orthodontic. [4] who reported that 12. Virtually invisible, Damon. Weber's Adult Orthodontics! Visit us and book an appointment now!Orthodontists in Ballina. While laser teeth whitening is a safe treatment, we feel it’s too short of a timespan on the teeth using a very high strength bleach. No orthodontist located in their vicinity when younger Incomplete orthodontic treatment as children, non cooperative Had orthodontic treatment as children but relapsed. Jenny. Elite Orthodontics - Woodbridge 14467 Potomac Mills Rd Woodbridge, VA 22192 (703) 688-3906. It illustrates a two-phase retreatment of a pre-adolescent and the ortho-surgical retreatment of a young adult with high demands for fast and exceptional results. The American Association of Orthodontists helps to connect patients with the right orthodontist. Contact Details. DeltaCare USA PAA48 is an example of an individual dental program that covers orthodontic treatment for adults. This review describes the recent advancements in the field of orthdotontics highlighting the important developments of esthetic brackets, low-nickel brackets, gold-colored brackets, NiTi archwires. Abstract. Phone: (02) 6686 6705 . British journal of orthodontics. Orthodontic treatment doesn't necessarily mean silver braces. 3 Many Humana dental insurance plans offer discounts on adult and child orthodontic care. More information on adult dental care can be found here. Expand all Collapse. Skip to content. “As an adult patient, getting braces was not on top of my fun. Find the best Orthodontist in Ballina, New South Wales. Smiles Orthodontics; Cfast Teeth Straightening; Kid's Corner. Practice Dr Paul Standish: Ballina, Ballina, NSW. Smartsmile Orthodontics, Ballina, New South Wales. The advent of cosmetic braces that are less bulky, Invisalign® clear aligners and the new generation of lingual “invisible”. Skip to content AAO Member Site Find an Orthodontist. with stress-free digital marketing. “The office is beautiful! Amanda is such a wonderful and knowledge orthodontist !” more. Smart Smile Orthodontics headquarters are located in 105 Tamar St, Ballina, New South Wales, 2478, Australia What are Smart Smile Orthodontics’s primary industries? Smart Smile Orthodontics’s main industries are: Dental Offices, Hospitals & Physicians Clinics Adult orthodontics--a review. Adult braces are increasingly popular. or directly enter you details below and we’ll be in touch. Best Overall: Delta Dental. Furthermore,anorthodontistnamed Victor Hugo Jackson already discussed successful treatment of adult patients from 40 to 50 years in a textbook from. Here are some options that are offered: Traditional braces – These devices consist of stainless steel brackets that attach to the front of the teeth. They provide a $200 discount on aligner treatment and a $50 discount on whitening. The annual premium is $105, and your expense for 24 months of orthodontic treatment is $2,500, which is about 50 percent less than the average treatment fee. Adult braces can cost anywhere from $5,000-$10,000 due to competition, orthodontist experience, the severity of your case, and many other factors. Current and former military members should consider USAA dental insurance, which offers low costs and high levels of customer service. 2005a,b ). The number of adult females seeking orthodontic treatment has been on a rise []. 30am - 5. However, its plans have deductibles as low as $50 with lifetime values ranging from $1,000 to $5,000. We treat both children and adults residing in Sligo, Mayo, Leitrim. 1049 Rutland Rd, Brooklyn, NY 11212. Swords Tel: +353 1 525 0940. Search results 50 results within 164km. Sixty-nine adult patients (61 females and 8 males, aged 21–59 years) requesting aesthetic dental improvement were prospectively and randomly recruited for the study in a private orthodontic office. People in their 3rd, 4th, or even higher decades can go for orthodontic treatment. “COVID, of course–with Zoom and cameras—that was a. Our dental team will make your journey to a beautiful smile a pleasant and comfortable one. The cost typically depends on the length of treatment, the type of braces, and where you live. In addition, the relationship between orthodontics and implant restorations (e. Plus, with dentistry innovations, like teeth. We accept many insurances, offer. In particular, it addresses three main aspects: the motivation and needs that underpin the decision to start orthodontic treatment, how it influences the patients’ daily life, and the different oral. Print Book & E-Book. Many adult patients ask for an orthodontic retreatment, due to an orthodontic relapse or unsatisfying previous treat-ments. Contact us on (678) 338-8700. PMID: 10. Ballina. 331. Today’s orthodontic options are more comfortable and less noticeable than ever before. This data was confirmed by Pabari et al. au. Pensioner Concession Card. ISBN 9780323778596, 9780323778602. Such thinking has fostered a conception of scientific rigor for quantitative. Boyd and his talented orthodontic team have been creating exceptional smiles for almost 40 years in Columbia SC and the surrounding areas of West Columbia, Forest Acres, Elgin, Lugoff, Blythewood, Red Bank, Irmo, and White Knoll, SC. [8]. Range varies from traditional metal braces to more advanced clear invisible plastic trays. Learn more here. Traditional metal braces; The difference between adult orthodontics and orthodontics for children and teens: The main difference between treating adults and children or teens is that the jawbones of younger patients are still developing. Call us at (210) 672-1054 if you are interested in. The demand for adult orthodontic treatment has increased during the last two decades. Sometimes, braces are cheaper than aligners, averaging $4,000–$6,000 for traditional options. With adult orthodontic treatment, you can improve your bite and decrease the potential risk of developing these. Furthermore, straight teeth can contribute to the overall health and function of a patient’s bite. We are happy to serve patients in the. Orthodontics can be suitable for anyone who would like to improve their smile and never before have there been so many ways for adults to have their teeth straightened. Adults require a different approach to orthodontics than teenagers or younger kids. The mean cutoff age for females is 18 (which means for some slow maturers it would be later), but for males it is 20 or 21, simply because males often are still growing up to that age. They are most commonly advised for patients who have prominent teeth. Tulsa Orthodontist For Adults Adult orthodontics is a dental specialty that involves straightening teeth and aligning a patients’ bite. Today, over 25% of orthodontic patients are adults. • The lack of craniofacial growth offers no advantage or. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday. Orthodontic therapy in adults is currently on the increase [], even if it is not new. 1. Smart Smile Orthodontics in Ballina proudly presents LightForce, the forefront of personalised orthodontic technology. The Dental Office (St. Adult Braces If you live in Laguna Hills and are considering adult braces, call our orthodontist office. Sam Polan; What sets us apart; Office Tour; Employment Opportunities; Community Sponsorship;Adult Orthodontic Treatment Is Growing Increasingly Popular. 1. CU Health Plan - Choice Dental provides up to 60% coverage on orthodontic evaluations and treatments. Your first visit to your Ballina Orthodontist - Visit us at SmartSmile Orthodontics to find out we can help you can get the orthodontic care you need. It is based on the severity of the problem, the complexity of the correction, the appliances used and the length of time to correct. 1515 116th Ave NE, Suite 105, Bellevue, WA 98004 (425) 382-7559; Info@bellevueorthodontist. These orthodontic findings will determine the type of orthodontic treatment, length of time. Kilbarrack, Dublin 5. Although early adolescence is the most popular time for orthodontic treatment, adult orthodontics in Las Vegas is growing in popularity for both teeth and jaw cases. Opens 8:30 am 8:30 am - 5:00 pm. With the use of orthodontic treatment we can address: misaligned teeth, crowded teeth, gapped or spaced teeth, overbites, underbites, open bites, cross bites and more. 1. Catherine Woo; Meet Dr. Patel at Tanna Orthodontics specialize in state of the art braces and Invisalign for patients of all ages. Child Orthodontics. Discover the world of adult orthodontics and embrace a confident smile at any age. Costs of Braces Ballina: If you are considering braces, our experienced team can help you to understand the costs involved. 2. 05% wore a mobile retainer, 31. Ballina NSW 2478. Several factors can affect the cost of orthodontic care, including the recommended type of treatment and whether you have dental insurance. Proffit WR, Fields Jr HW, Moray LJ. Adult NSW residents must be eligible for Medicare and be listed on one of the following Australian Government concession cards: Health Care Card. Bowman can address misalignment, gaps, and overcrowding with Invisalign™ braces and Six Month Smiles™. River Street Smiles in Ballina provides a range of quality and affordable orthodontic services for children and adults including Invisalign, braces and jaw pain. Jenny Flanagan, we provide first class treatment in a comfortable, professional, and friendly environment. Fortunately, there’s no age limit to start orthodontic treatment. Located in Diamonds Carpark, Ballina. With customized treatment options, we take a comprehensive approach to straightening smiles. Abstract. Ballina. It is becoming increasingly popular as more adults are seeking orthodontic treatment to improve their appearance, chewing function, and overall oral health. Pensioner Concession Card. Time, Cost, and Looks. Krishnaswamy, Biju Tom , Kasim , Rekha and V. 1. 2. Instead of hiding your smile, be confident in the way you look, with adult orthodontic treatment in Buffalo, NY by Orthodontists Associates of WNY. Case records of all patients (676) aged 18 years or over at the start of active orthodontic treatment at the Eastman Dental Hospital, London were examined. The confidence a person gains from a bright, beautiful smile is immeasurable. Best Orthodontists in Las Vegas, NV - Truman Orthodontics, Aloha Orthodontics, Wow Dental Orthodontics , Chenin Orthodontic Group- Henderson, Mountain West Dental Specialists, Feller Orthodontics, Bella Smiles, Saxe Orthodontics, Hansen Orthodontics, Seven Hills OrthodonticsAccording to Gonchar, typical costs for orthodontic treatment fall into the following ranges: Metal (traditional) braces: $4,000 - $7,500. This additional certification, along with her extensive experience treating complex and surgical Invisalign and Orthodontic cases, ensures that she will be able to handle any of your concerns. Call us today! CLICK HERE TO VIEW MONTHLY SPECIALS! CALL US. Clear braces — sometimes called ceramic braces — are similar to traditional metal braces. This is especially true with the modern styles and materials that we use here at Hi 5. It would be best to choose a dentist or orthodontist who has. account; Conveniently located in central Ohio, Hutta & Price Orthodontics proudly delivers healthy smiles to Columbus patients of all ages. With adult orthodontic treatment, you can improve your bite and decrease the potential risk of developing these. 85%) had previously undergone orthodontic treatment, among them 54. Dr. Orthodontic treatment. Receive a Free Consultation, Exam, and Digital X-rays! Request an Appointment. Cost of aligners: The average person in the U. Setting: Postgraduate Orthodontic Unit, Cork University Dental School and Hospital, Cork, Ireland. It’s not just at Aura Orthodontics either. All children (under 18 years of age) who are NSW residents and eligible for Medicare, can access public dental services in NSW. Our specialist Orthodontist Dr Sasha Mirkovic, is a highly qualified healthcare professional who specialises in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment involved in the alignment of. Olmos has over 13 years of experience in cosmetic, restorative, and pediatric dentistry and is a member of the. Clear aligners can be cheaper. The number of adult patients receiving orthodontic treat-ment is increasing worldwide. Weiner. Your surgeon and your orthodontist will be the main specialists working together to plan your program of treatment with you. 105 Tamar Street Ballina NSW 2478 Today 8. Orthodontics at Any Age. Invisalign may be comparable or a little more. Braces are used for straightening teeth as part of orthodontic treatment. Adult Orthodontics. Why choose this provider? OBT Dental & Orthodontics is a provider of dental care and services located in Orlando, Florida. Variables associated with patients and. View profile. Our Location 281-298-0000 Text Free ConsultThe cost of a treatment program for adult braces varies greatly. Olmos has over 13 years of experience in cosmetic, restorative, and pediatric dentistry and is a member of the American, Hispanic, and. Write a Review. Doctor Referral. 2022; John Wiley & Sons. When the participants were asked what led them to orthodontic treatment, 72. Abstract. The difference between adult orthodontics and orthodontics for children and teens: The main difference to remember when treating adults or children and teens, is that in younger patients the jawbones are still developing. A: The first step is to consult with your dentist and ask for an evaluation. Darndale Health Centre, Darndale Belcamp Village. +1 (941) 953-7500. Dr. Orthodontic treatment of adults has been discussed with regard to its role in occlusal reconstruction. This is why we love what we do and we want to share. These costs may vary based on your location, the duration of your treatment, the complexity of your dental concerns, and the orthodontist you choose. Adult orthodontic demand in the UK has increased significantly in both private and National Health Service sectors, the reason being improvement in the availability of orthodontic. The American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) estimates that more than 1,000,000 adults in the United States and Canada are receiving treatment from orthodontists who are members of the AAO. According to the editor of the Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, the time when ortho-dontics was just for children is defi nitely over (Keim et al. Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry that focuses on diagnosing and treating “bad bites” ( malocclusion ). 105 Tamar Street Ballina NSW 2478 . Adult Orthodontic Treatment Is Growing Increasingly Popular. 481 pages. Adult orthodontics is equally effective as adolescent orthodontics. Barbara (Bobbi) Peterson, DDS. Individualized Treatment Options. Your child should have a check-up with an orthodontist by age 7. Current as at: Tuesday 12 September 2023. • Adult orthodontic treatment is usually initiated by the general dentist requesting the establishment of occlusal harmony (Fig. See our guide on the true cost of. Wed 8:30am - 5:00pm . Over the last 20 years, we have seen an increase in demand for adult orthodontic treatment. A period of post-surgical orthodontics. Limitation in Adult Orthodontics The limitations in Adult Orthodontic Patients can be Analogous to [4] biology: • Dental status- Pertaining to dental status, the number and the quality of teeth are essential that encompass the absence or Check SmartSmile Orthodontics in Ballina, NSW, Tamar Street on Cylex and find ☎ (02) 6686 6. 98 reviews of Palo Alto Orthodontics "Dr. A. Today 8:30am - 5:00pm . 1998 Jan 1;13(2):97-106. Serving the San Antonio, Leon Valley, & Helotes, TX area, Perryman Orthodontics will give you the smile you’re looking for. Your only constraint may be wearing a protective mouth. Smart Smile Orthodontics. Pembroke Pines, FL 33024. In this review we explore whether the increased in demand is real. Book appointments, view profiles, fees, opening hours, addresses, phone numbers and more. Thu 8:30am - 5:00pm . 02 6686 6705 Contact Us Today . A popular option among our adult patients is Damon Clear, which uses self-ligating bracket technology to gently move your teeth into place. Current as at: Tuesday 12 September 2023. 30pm to register for free dental care. The treatment cost can vary depending on. We're a Specialist Orthodontic practice with clinics in the heart of Sligo town and Ballina. We look forward to helping you achieve a straighter, healthier smile! Great Big Smiles Orthodontics. 2. Orthodontics has come a long way over the years. 331. Donated Orthodontic Services (DOS) is a program of the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation (AAOF) that provides the connection to orthodontic treatment from the. Group I : 18 to 25 years of age 2. 1995 Nov 1;22(4):331-7.